SOWK 5310 - Chapter 5 Poverty and Inequality Absolute poverty - based on a fixed level of resources or threshold. Relative povert y - Someones's situation is disadvantaged compared to another of time experience Federal Poverty Threshold - absolute measure; determines federal assistance like food stamps; Some believe it does not accurately depict poverty because it does not consider in-kind benefits like food stamps. Critics also argue that poverty threshold does not take into account regional costs of living, forcing people in more expensive areas to buy the cheapest items relative to someone living in a lower SEC area. Global Poverty - The World Bank argues that global poverty should be measured on the basis of a $1/day measure Poverty threshold is is tied to the Consumer Price Index; rises with inflation General economic trend is that costs rise; 2 Major Inflation periods of double-digits Great Depression: 1918-1922 Energy Crisis: Mid-to late 1970's 19...
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5309: Chapter 13 - Communities
Ferdinand Tonnies' (1887/1963) Concept of Community: Gemeinschaft (community) Strong identification with community Authority based on tradition Relationships based on emotionalism Others seen as whole persons. Gesellschaft (society) Little identification with community Authority based on laws and rationality Relationships based on goal attainment and emotional neutrality Others seen as role enactors Wellman (1999): Communities are not lost, but transformed, and new forms of community develop. Four Elements of Community: Contact: Level of interaction Range: Size and heterogeneity Intimacy: Sense of relationships as special: desire for companionship: interest in being together in multiple social contexts over time; sense of mutuality in relationships; needs supported Kinship/Friendship: Proportion of community membership composed of immediate kin Spatial Arrangements Approach on Communities: On research team studied that spatial arrangements i...
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